`color{green}("𝟏 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐄𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐨𝐥 :")`
`color{green}(•)` Ethanol is a liquid at room temperature .
`color{green}(•)` Ethanol is commonly called alcohol and is the active ingredient of all alcoholic drinks.
`color{green}(•)`It is a good solvent therefore it is used in medicines such as tincture iodine, cough syrups, and many tonics.
`color{green}(•)` Ethanol is also soluble in water in all proportions.
`color{green}(•)` Consumption of small quantities of dilute ethanol causes drunkenness.
`color{green}(•)` Intake of even a small quantity of pure ethanol (called absolute alcohol) can be lethal.
`color{green}(•)` Long-term consumption of alcohol leads to many health problems.
`color{green}("𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐄𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐨𝐥 :")`
(i) Reaction with sodium `color{red}(2Na+ 2CH_3CH_2OH → underset("(Sodium ethoxide)")(2CH_3 CH_2O^(-) Na^(+)) + H_2)`
Alcohols react with sodium leading to the evolution of hydrogen. With ethanol, the other product is sodium ethoxide.
(ii) Reaction to give unsaturated hydrocarbon:
Heating ethanol at 443 K with excess concentrated sulphuric acid (act as a dehydrating agent which removes water from ethanol )results in the dehydration of ethanol to give ethene .
`color{red}(CH_3 + CH_2OH underset(H_2SO_4) overset(" Hot cone") → CH_2 = CH_2 + H_2O) `
`color{green}("𝟐 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐄𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐨𝐢𝐜 𝐀𝐜𝐢𝐝")`
`color{green}(•)` Ethanoic acid is commonly called acetic acid and belongs to a group of acids called carboxylic acids.
`color{green}(•)` 5-8% solution of acetic acid in water is called vinegar and is widely used as a preservative in pickles.
`color{green}(•)` The melting point of pure ethanoic acid is 290 K and hence it often freezes during winter in cold climates. This gave rise to its name glacial acetic acid.
The group of organic compounds called carboxylic acids are obviously characterised by a special acidity. However, unlike mineral acids like `color{red}(HCl)`, which are completely ionised, carboxylic acids are weak acids.
`color{green}("𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐨𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝:")`
`color{red}("(𝐢) 𝐄𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:")` Esters are most commonly formed by reaction of an acid and an alcohol. Ethanoic acid on reaction with ethanol in the presence of an acid catalyst yields ester .
`color{red}(underset("(Ethanoic acid)")(CH_3- COOH) + underset("(Ethanol)") (CH_3 - CH_2 OH) overset("Acid")→ underset("(Ester)")(CH_3 - underset(underset(O)(||))C - O - CH_2 - CH_3))`
`color{red}(" (i) 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬 :")`
`color{green}(•)` Esters are sweet-smelling substances.
`color{green}(•)` They are used in making perfumes and as flavouring agents.
`color{green}(•)` On treating with sodium hydroxide, which is an alkali, the ester is converted back to alcohol and sodium salt of carboxylic acid. This reaction is known as saponification because it is used in the preparation of soap.
`color{green}(" 𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐚 𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞:")`
Like mineral acids, ethanoic acid reacts with a base such as sodium hydroxide to give a salt (sodium ethanoate or commonly called sodium acetate) and water.
`color{red}(NaOH + CH_3COOH → CH_3 COONa + H_2O)`
`color{red}("(𝐢𝐢𝐢) 𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐡𝐲𝐝𝐫𝐨𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬 :")` Ethanoic acid reacts with carbonates and hydrogencarbonates to give rise to a salt, carbon dioxide and water. The salt produced is commonly called sodium acetate.
`color{red}(2CH_3COOH + Na_2CO_3 → 2CH_3 COONa + H_2O + CO_2)`
`color{red}(CH_3COOH + NaHCO_3 → CH_3COONa + H_2O + CO_2)`
`color{green}("𝟏 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐄𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐨𝐥 :")`
`color{green}(•)` Ethanol is a liquid at room temperature .
`color{green}(•)` Ethanol is commonly called alcohol and is the active ingredient of all alcoholic drinks.
`color{green}(•)`It is a good solvent therefore it is used in medicines such as tincture iodine, cough syrups, and many tonics.
`color{green}(•)` Ethanol is also soluble in water in all proportions.
`color{green}(•)` Consumption of small quantities of dilute ethanol causes drunkenness.
`color{green}(•)` Intake of even a small quantity of pure ethanol (called absolute alcohol) can be lethal.
`color{green}(•)` Long-term consumption of alcohol leads to many health problems.
`color{green}("𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐄𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐨𝐥 :")`
(i) Reaction with sodium `color{red}(2Na+ 2CH_3CH_2OH → underset("(Sodium ethoxide)")(2CH_3 CH_2O^(-) Na^(+)) + H_2)`
Alcohols react with sodium leading to the evolution of hydrogen. With ethanol, the other product is sodium ethoxide.
(ii) Reaction to give unsaturated hydrocarbon:
Heating ethanol at 443 K with excess concentrated sulphuric acid (act as a dehydrating agent which removes water from ethanol )results in the dehydration of ethanol to give ethene .
`color{red}(CH_3 + CH_2OH underset(H_2SO_4) overset(" Hot cone") → CH_2 = CH_2 + H_2O) `
`color{green}("𝟐 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐄𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐨𝐢𝐜 𝐀𝐜𝐢𝐝")`
`color{green}(•)` Ethanoic acid is commonly called acetic acid and belongs to a group of acids called carboxylic acids.
`color{green}(•)` 5-8% solution of acetic acid in water is called vinegar and is widely used as a preservative in pickles.
`color{green}(•)` The melting point of pure ethanoic acid is 290 K and hence it often freezes during winter in cold climates. This gave rise to its name glacial acetic acid.
The group of organic compounds called carboxylic acids are obviously characterised by a special acidity. However, unlike mineral acids like `color{red}(HCl)`, which are completely ionised, carboxylic acids are weak acids.
`color{green}("𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐨𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝:")`
`color{red}("(𝐢) 𝐄𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:")` Esters are most commonly formed by reaction of an acid and an alcohol. Ethanoic acid on reaction with ethanol in the presence of an acid catalyst yields ester .
`color{red}(underset("(Ethanoic acid)")(CH_3- COOH) + underset("(Ethanol)") (CH_3 - CH_2 OH) overset("Acid")→ underset("(Ester)")(CH_3 - underset(underset(O)(||))C - O - CH_2 - CH_3))`
`color{red}(" (i) 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬 :")`
`color{green}(•)` Esters are sweet-smelling substances.
`color{green}(•)` They are used in making perfumes and as flavouring agents.
`color{green}(•)` On treating with sodium hydroxide, which is an alkali, the ester is converted back to alcohol and sodium salt of carboxylic acid. This reaction is known as saponification because it is used in the preparation of soap.
`color{green}(" 𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐚 𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞:")`
Like mineral acids, ethanoic acid reacts with a base such as sodium hydroxide to give a salt (sodium ethanoate or commonly called sodium acetate) and water.
`color{red}(NaOH + CH_3COOH → CH_3 COONa + H_2O)`
`color{red}("(𝐢𝐢𝐢) 𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐡𝐲𝐝𝐫𝐨𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬 :")` Ethanoic acid reacts with carbonates and hydrogencarbonates to give rise to a salt, carbon dioxide and water. The salt produced is commonly called sodium acetate.
`color{red}(2CH_3COOH + Na_2CO_3 → 2CH_3 COONa + H_2O + CO_2)`
`color{red}(CH_3COOH + NaHCO_3 → CH_3COONa + H_2O + CO_2)`